Portrait bust of Gaius Julius Caesar, 16th century.

Portrait bust of Gaius Julius Caesar, 16th century. Imitating a Roman original of the 1st century BC. Julius Caesar (c100-44 BC) was one of Rome's most capable generals, as demonstrated by his conquest of Gaul in the 50s BC. After becoming embroiled in the civil strife that accompanied the disintegration of the Roman Republic, in 48 BC he crossed the River Rubicon, took Rome and effectively became the first citizen. His presumed desire to abandon the Republic as a form of government and return to monarchy led to his assassination in the Roman Senate in 44 BC. Found in the collection of the State Hermitage, St Petersburg. Found in the collection of The Hermitage, St Petersburg. (Photo by The Art Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images)